TV-SAT, CCTV, WLAN Dipol Weekly Review

NAND - the technology of the future.

With the development of ultra-efficient NAND flash memory that consumes 96% less power, Samsung can boast another significant step forward in mobile technology development. The new NAND flash memory technology uses ferroelectric transistors, which have helped break many energy efficiency records.

Mobile devices are now an integral part of everyday life, with digital solutions displacing traditional systems. The development of 5G networks is further fuelled by the exponential growth of information - global data is forecast to reach 221 zettabytes by the end of 2026, an increase of 250% compared to 2020.

The capacity of classic NAND chips depends on the number of cells placed on the chip. For many years, the development of this technology was based on reducing the size of the cells in a single, flat layer. Within fifteen years, it was possible to reduce their size from 120 nm to 19 nm while increasing capacity a hundredfold. However, miniaturisation has its limits. The photolithography used in production is approaching physical limits, making it difficult to reduce the cells further. When their size drops below 20 nm, the risk of charge transfer between cells also increases, resulting in greater susceptibility to errors and data loss. V-NAND technology was developed to bypass the barriers faced by classic planar memory. Instead of shrinking the cells, Samsung opted for vertical stacking. By using Channel Hole technology, it became possible to connect multiple layers via a cylindrical channel - resulting in more than a hundred layers and a significant increase in cell density. While traditional planar NAND stops at capacities in the order of 128 Gb, V-NAND reaches up to 1 Tb. Charge Trap Flash (CTF), a method of storing charge in a non-conductive silicon nitride layer, is also an important element of this technology. This ensures that the cells do not interfere with each other, minimising the risk of errors. The simplification of the write algorithms not only doubles the speed of operations, but also reduces power consumption. In turn, the reduced electric field and uniform voltage distribution make V-NAND memory more durable and reliable.

Since its debut in 2013, successive versions of V-NAND memory have been steadily gaining new capabilities. The sixth generation, used in 250 GB SATA SSDs among others, introduces 136 layers of cells - around 40% more than in the previous iteration. To reduce errors and latency due to the larger structure height, Samsung has redesigned the chips, achieving write times of less than 450 μs and read times of less than 45 μs. In practice, this means an increase in performance of more than 10% and a decrease in power consumption of around 15%. The manufacturing process itself has also been improved. The number of channel holes needed to create a 256-gigabyte chip has dropped from around 930 to 670 million, increasing manufacturing efficiency by nearly 20%. V-NAND was designed to address the limitations of classic memory and provides the foundation for future solutions. The improvements introduced in the sixth generation pave the way for designs exceeding 300 layers, which will create chips with even greater capacity, performance and reliability. In a world where data plays a key role, such innovations are essential to meet the demands of today's and tomorrow's applications.

Hikvision 2-Wire IP video intercom system.

Often there is a need to replace an existing (video) intercom system with a newer one that offers greater capabilities. This type of upgrade may require the replacement of cabling, e.g. to twisted pair in the case of IP systems. A Hikvision video intercom operating in the 2-wire standard, so-called 2-Wire IP, which has the same functionality as the Hikvision 2nd generation IP video intercom, comes to the rescue here. The construction of a small system consists in connecting monitors (e.g. G74019 DS-KH6320Y-WTE2) and the main module of the door station (G73646 DS-KD8003Y-IME2) to the G74824 DS-KAD706Y distributor via a 2-wire bus (2-Wire). The 2-Wire bus allows the devices to be powered and communication to be established. Once the distributor is connected to the LAN, each device (monitor, door station) is visible in the network under a separate IP address. Configuration takes place using the iVMS-4200(v3) application. Such a system, apart from the basic functionality for which it is designed, i.e. video call, gate opening and control of the entrance gate, also enables operation by means of the Hik-Connect smartphone application. It allows the call to be redirected to the phone while the occupant is away and the gate to be opened remotely.

Compression connector crimper.

The compression connector crimper for coaxial cables is a specialist tool for the precise assembly of F-type, BNC, RCA and other connectors used in TV, CCTV and antenna systems. The tool enables the connector sleeve to be compressed evenly on the cable, ensuring a permanent, pull-proof and fully sealed connection.

A new model of the ZZ-070 MASTER E80070 crimping machine has been added to the DIPOL range.

The crimping tool ZZ-070 E80070 is recommended both for installers of TV and monitoring systems and for users making their own antenna installations or cable networks. Thanks to the crimping tool, it is possible to achieve a professional, stable and low-loss connection which meets the quality standards required in RF installations.

How do HDMI to IP converters work?

HDMI converters use multicast transmission to transfer data between transmitter and receiver. For this reason, it is not recommended to use converters in home networks (such a stream is sent in a traditional/straightforward network to each device, which overloads switches and routers). It is best to create a dedicated network or dedicated VLANs (virtual local networks) for the converters.

HDbitT protocol is used for transmission. High-Definition Digital Bit Transmission Technology enables the transmission of audio/video at resolutions up to 4Kx2K @ 60 Hz over the network cables, electrical wiring, fiber optic cable, coaxial cables or wirelessly. HDbitT is a standard that provides all-in-one connectivity. The protocol enables comprehensive distribution of 4K Ultra HD video and audio signals, as well as the transmission of RS232, IR and USB control signals.

HDbiT highlights:

• distance over which signals can be transmitted can be well over 100 m
• HDbitT supports features such as CEC, EDID and HDCP
• support for multiple transmission media, such as twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fibre, electrical network, wireless network
• possibility to secure transmission with AES protocol
• use of existing computer network for signal transmission
• efficient compression used to save bandwidth in the network
• plug and play equipment
• support for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections

Devices supporting the HDbitT protocol:

• H3606 HDMI to IP Converter + Remote Control Extender
• H3606R HDMI to IP signal converter + remote control extension (receiver)
• H3613 HDMI to IP signal converter with USB extension cable
• H3613R HDMI to IP signal converter with USB extension cable (receiver)
• H3614 HDMI to IP Signal Converter (multicast) v4.0
• H3614R HDMI to IP Signal Converter (multicast) (receiver v4.0)

Universal tools for cleaning optical connectors.

New models of automatic machines designed for cleaning optical connectors are now available from DIPOL. The Ultimode F125 L59172 allows the cleaning of ferrules with a diameter of 1.25 mm (LC,E2000 connectors), while the Ultimode F250 L59171 model cleans 2.5 mm ferrules (SC, ST, FC connectors).

These tools clean the fibre-optic ports of meters and active devices, the fibre-optic connectors of pigtails plugged into the panel into the adapter without removing them, and, using a special tip, allow the cleaning of connectors on connecting cables. Cleaning is done dry, without the use of alcohol.

Which Hikvision video door entry system to choose: 2-Wire IP, 2-Wire HD or maybe IP? Hikvision currently offers three video door entry systems: 2-Wire IP, 2-Wire HD and an IP system. Choosing the right system for a customer can be dictated by two factors - functionality and the type of communication bus between the devices...>>> more