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No. 35/2025 (November 3, 2025)
A screen whose image is difficult to distinguish from reality.
With the development of technology and the increasing importance of images in our daily lives, there is a growing demand for screens that can convey reality with absolute precision. Researchers from Sweden's Chalmers University of Technology, the University of Gothenburg and Uppsala University, have developed a novel screen technology that uses the smallest pixels ever. In doing so, they have achieved the highest resolution that the human eye can perceive. The new solution is based on so-called retina E-paper, a new generation of electronic paper. Each pixel is only 560 nanometres in size, and the entire screen, with an area similar to the human pupil, offers a resolution of more than 25,000 pixels per inch. This means that each individual pixel corresponds to roughly one photoreceptor in the eye, i.e. a retinal cell that processes light. This is the absolute limit of human visual perception and higher quality simply cannot be seen anymore.
The colours on this screen are created in a completely different way to traditional displays. Instead of an LED backlight, the image is formed by tungsten oxide nanoparticles, the size and placement of which determine how light is scattered and reflected. In this way, pixels in red, green and blue can be produced, and any shade of them. What's more, when a small voltage is applied, the particles can be switched off, making them black. The screen does not emit its own light, but reflects light from its surroundings, similar to the coloured feathers of some birds. This solution significantly reduces energy consumption, while also providing extraordinary sharpness and colour depth. To demonstrate the capabilities of their technology, the researchers reproduced a miniature version of Gustav Klimt's famous painting "The Kiss" on a surface measuring just 1.4 by 1.9 millimetres. By comparison, such an image is about four thousand times smaller than the screen of an average smartphone. Despite its microscopic size, the artwork retained full colour and detail, demonstrating the potential of this technology for creating ultra-realistic visualisations.
The developed screen can be placed very close to the eye, so it is ideal for virtual reality and augmented reality applications where a fully immersive experience is crucial. Until now, the limitation in VR and AR has been the pixel size, which was too large to create an image completely free of graininess. Thanks to the Retina E-paper, this barrier may finally disappear. According to the researchers, this is only the beginning. In the future, the technology could find applications not only in VR glasses, but also in flexible screens, medical displays, microscopy and even in science and visual communication. As Professor Giovanni Volpe from the University of Gothenburg points out, miniaturising screens while increasing their quality and reducing their power consumption is a huge step forward. Researchers believe that E-paper retina will change the way we perceive the digital world in the coming years, blurring the line between the virtual and the real.
What type of UPS to choose?
The choice of the right UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) depends on the type of equipment you want to protect and how important continuity of power supply is to you. There are three basic types available on the market: Offline (standby) UPS, Line-interactive UPS and Online (double conversion) UPS. Each works in a slightly different way and will perform in different applications.
The Offline UPS, also labelled VFD (Voltage and Frequency Dependent), are rarely seen structures with the simplest design. During normal operation, they supply power to connected equipment directly from the mains, with the battery only switching on when there is a power failure. These types of UPS contain only the basic components - a battery, a rectifier, an inverter and a few filters that minimally improve the voltage quality. The output voltage and frequency are fully dependent on the mains. Only in the event of a power failure does the UPS switch to battery power. This is the simplest solution, which mainly protects against complete power failure, but not against voltage disturbances or frequency variations.
The Line-interactive UPSs are more advanced solutions that, in addition to maintaining power in the event of a fault, also provide voltage stabilisation. They belong to the VI (Voltage Independent) type, which means that the output frequency depends on the mains frequency, while the voltage is already stabilised by an internal AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulation) circuit. As a result, this type of UPS is able to correct a voltage that is too high or too low without switching to the battery.
It is ideal for CCTV installations, small businesses, offices and users using more demanding electronic equipment such as computers powering POS systems, NAS servers or workstations.
It is ideal for CCTV installations, small businesses, offices and users using more demanding electronic equipment such as computers powering POS systems, NAS servers or workstations.
The Online UPS is the most advanced type of uninterruptible power supply, belonging to the VFI (Voltage and Frequency Independent) class. In this solution, both the output voltage and frequency are completely independent of the mains parameters. The unit operates in continuous double energy conversion mode - the alternating current (AC) from the mains is first converted into direct current (DC) and then converted back into alternating current (AC).
In this way, the power supply from the UPS is perfectly clean, stable and free of interference, and connected devices are completely isolated from the mains. This type of design guarantees the highest level of protection and reliability, which is why it is used wherever even a brief fluctuation in voltage, frequency could cause serious consequences - in server rooms, data centres, laboratories or industrial systems.
In this way, the power supply from the UPS is perfectly clean, stable and free of interference, and connected devices are completely isolated from the mains. This type of design guarantees the highest level of protection and reliability, which is why it is used wherever even a brief fluctuation in voltage, frequency could cause serious consequences - in server rooms, data centres, laboratories or industrial systems.
Comparison of basic UPS types:
| Problems with power | UPS Off-Line | UPS Line-Interactive | UPS Online |
|---|---|---|---|
| Power outage | ● | ● | ● |
| Contemporary overvoltages | ● | ● | ● |
| Voltage sags | ● | ● | ● |
| Long-lasting overvoltages | ● | ● | |
| Too low/high voltage | ● | ● | |
| Distortion frequency | ● | ||
| Distortion harmonic | ● | ||
| Voltage surge | ● | ||
| High-frequency interference/noise | ● |
MS-9xx SIGNAL PRO - multiswitches for multi-family buildings.
The SIGNAL PRO series is a line of A-class multiswitches designed for professional SMATV systems. These devices are used in multi-family buildings, hotels, office buildings and wherever satellite and terrestrial signals need to be distributed to multiple reception points. SIGNAL PRO multiswitches are made in a cast housing with shielding class A, which guarantees high resistance to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and stable operating parameters. The high quality of the signal paths translates into low levels of inter-channel crosstalk.  |  |  | |
| Name | MS-916 | MS-924 | MS-932 |
| Code | R69916 | R69924 | R69932 |
| Shielding class | A | ||
| Housing | Zinc-aluminum alloy surround | ||
| Input | SAT A + SAT B + Radio/DVB-T2 | ||
| Number of inputs | 9 | ||
| Number of outputs | 16 | 24 | 32 |
| Dimensions [mm] | 225x200x30 | 310x205x30 | 385x210x30 |
| Type | through or terminal (resistorów mounting with DC interlock) | ||
| Purpose | Multi-family buildings | ||
| Warranty | 4 years | ||
Multiswitches SIGNAL PRO can be combined into a cascade and the power supply for the whole set is provided by a single 20 V/2.5 A DC power supply, which is included in each multiswitch. This type of power supply allows for stable and safe operation of up to 4 multiswitches at the same time, which simplifies installation, reduces the number of components needed and reduces the cost of the RTV-SAT system. Importantly, this power supply also provides the voltage needed for the operation of two QUATRO converters, so there is no need for additional power sources.
Relay control at the IP Villa 2nd gen. door station from external buttons.
The door stations of the IP Villa 2nd generation video door entry system from the DS-KV8xxx series, have 2 built-in relays that are independently triggered, which allow, for example, the control of the gate or entrance gate. By default, the second relay at the door station is deactivated and must be activated using the iVMS-4200 application or via a web browser. Triggering of these outputs is possible using the Hik-Connect smartphone app, the iVMS-4200 PC client app, indoor stations or by shorting the AIN4 (DOOR2 relay trigger) and AIN3 (DOOR1 relay trigger) inputs to GND. These inputs are often used to mount local opening buttons, mounted at a safe distance so that they cannot be reached from outside the fence. In the case of a gate, this allows it to be opened without the need for a key if a movable handle or knob is not fitted on the inside. In the case of a gate, it is possible to open it quickly without the need for a remote control.Connecting to local opening buttons to Villa door/gate stations
DS-KV8113-WME1(C), DS-KV8213-WME1(C), DS-KV8413-WME1(C)
DS-KV8113-WME1(C), DS-KV8213-WME1(C), DS-KV8413-WME1(C)
Frequencies of 5G networks.
5G technology (the fifth generation of mobile networks) is the next stage in the development of wireless communications, offering significantly higher data speeds, lower latency and the ability to support a huge number of devices simultaneously. The key element that distinguishes 5G from previous generations (2G, 3G, 4G LTE) is the frequency ranges in which this network can operate.In Europe, three main, so-called pioneer, frequency bands are envisaged (or already in use) for 5G networks:
- 700 MHz band (694-790 MHz)
Thanks to the lower frequency, radio waves penetrate obstacles (e.g. walls of buildings) better and have a greater range from the base station - this means that one transmitter can cover a larger area than with higher frequency waves. For this reason, this band is referred to as the 'coverage band' - ideal where coverage is important and not necessarily high speed. The limited amount of available spectrum in this band means that the maximum throughput can be lower than in higher frequency bands.
- 3.6 GHz band (3.4-3.8 GHz)
This is a typical capacity band ('capacity band') - higher frequency than 700 MHz, which means less range ('faster attenuated' waves), poorer indoor penetration, but much higher available data throughput. This band will be used primarily in urban areas with high user density, where high bandwidth and low latency are crucial.
- 26 GHz band (24.25-27.50 GHz)
This is a very high frequency - the wavelengths are about 1 cm, which makes the range of a single station relatively small, and obstacles (walls, buildings, foliage, even adverse weather conditions) can significantly attenuate the signal. The advantage is the very wide spectral bands (hundreds of MHz and even within GHz) which allows extremely high transmission speeds and very low latency - which is important for e.g. industrial applications, Internet of Things (IoT), "radio fibre" type fixed links.
In case of poor coverage, a dedicated antenna should be used to improve the strength of the received signal. A recommended antenna is, for example, the TRANS-DATA 5G KYZ 10/10 A741027_10. It is designed for use with LTE modems, phones or GSM, DCS, 3G, LTE and 5G modems (equipped with two antenna connectors).
![Antenna TRANS-DATA 5G KYZ 10/10 + 10 m cable + SMA [698-960, 1710-2700, 3300-3800 MHz]](https://static.dipol.com.pl/images/en/pict/a741027_10.jpg)
TRANS-DATA 5G KYZ 10/10 antenna A741027_10, 10 m cable, SMA, 698-960, 1710-2700, 3300-3800 MHz
How to verify a fibre optic installation?
The question of how to verify the correctness of a fibre optic installation comes up very often. Installers acquire the basic equipment for verification - an optical power meter and a light source - but are unsure how to correctly perform the measurement itself and, above all, how to interpret the results.A transmission measurement using an optical power meter and a light source allows the attenuation of the entire connection to be verified. The result obtained should be compared with theoretical assumptions or the investor's guidelines. The standard attenuation values of the most common events in the optical path have the following values: 0.1 dB for the splice, 0.3 dB for the connector and 0.4 dB/km (for 1310 nm) for the optical fibre. For example, a 200 m section of fibre optic cable terminated with welded pigtails on both sides should attenuate no more than: 2 x 0.1 dB (2 splices) + 2 x 0.3 dB (connectors) + 0.4 dB x 0.2 (200 m fibre) = 0.88 dB.
The measurement procedure itself should be as follows:
1. Connect the light source and the meter with a patchcord.
Remember the correct type of connector to plug into the source (PC/UPC or APC ferrule). Switch on both devices.
2. On the meter, press the reference measurement button (usually described as "REF" or similar).
A value of 0 dB should appear on the screen.
3. Disconnect the patch cord from the meter. Plug the disconnected connector into the line to be measured (e.g. into the switch that terminates it).
In this way, you have connected the light source to the measured line.
4. Connect the power meter to the other side of the line using the other patchcord.
Remember the correct type of connector to plug into the source (PC/UPC or APC ferrule). Switch on both devices.
2. On the meter, press the reference measurement button (usually described as "REF" or similar).
A value of 0 dB should appear on the screen.
3. Disconnect the patch cord from the meter. Plug the disconnected connector into the line to be measured (e.g. into the switch that terminates it).
In this way, you have connected the light source to the measured line.
4. Connect the power meter to the other side of the line using the other patchcord.
After the above procedure, the attenuation value of the entire optical path will appear on the meter screen, which should be compared with the previously calculated expected value.
 |  |
For a detailed explanation of the entire procedure, related standards, and a description of the calibration of the measurement system using 1, 2, and 3 patchcords used in various measurement scenarios, see the article "Measurements in Fiber Optic Systems - Transmission Method ”.
 | UPS Hikvision DS-UPS3000/MA (3000 VA, 1800 W, 4 x 9 Ah/12 V, 4 x Schuko) The N97830 is a compact and reliable Line-Interactive uninterruptible power supply designed to protect electronic equipment from the effects of sudden power outages, surges and fluctuations in the power supply network. It is ideal for CCTV monitoring systems, office and home installations. | |
 | URZ1194 12 V/300 mA antenna amplifier power supply with separator / F-socket / D0023 is designed for supplying DC 12 V to terrestrial TV antenna amplifiers and preamplifiers with current consumption up to 300 mA. On the top of the casing there is an LED indicating the presence of output voltage. The power supply has no mains switch. | |
 | Buffer module for 12 V/24 V car installation ATTE LVUPS-140-UN1OF M18725 is a universal buffer module designed for use with 12 V or 24 V car installations. It makes it possible to connect an additional battery to the existing vehicle electrical system and simultaneously supply power to consumer devices such as mobile DVRs, IP cameras or other network devices. The main task of the module is to maintain the continuity of the power supply to the devices even when the engine is switched off. | |
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