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No. 29/2024 (September 16, 2024)
Water quality in Polish rivers can be improved through monitoring.
A serious problem Poland faces is river pollution, as evidenced by the recent environmental disaster on the Oder River. These problems have been addressed by Magly scientists, who, in cooperation with the Center for Advanced Materials and Technology (CEZAMAT-PW), the Warsaw Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW-PIB) and Nebucode, have developed the Water Sense system, which continuously monitors the condition of rivers. The solution gives real-time warnings of impending pollution, which can avoid a possible environmental disaster. This whole secret behind Water Sense lies in the autonomous weather stations, which are small floating laboratories that take water samples while testing pH, temperature and the concentration of chemical and microbiological contaminants. The collected data goes to the cloud, where it is analyzed in real time. This solution allows experts to react quickly if any problem arises. The concept of the system is based directly on the Internet of Things (IoT) concept.Water Sense consists of 3 modules:
- Autonomous measuring station that monitors 10 key physicochemical parameters of water: pH, chlorides, nitrates(V), ammonium ions, orthophosphates(V), conductivity, oxygen, temperature, flow velocity and depth. The sensors used in the station are low-cost and do not require calibration and cleaning. When analytical parameters are lost, a given sensor is automatically replaced with a new one using an innovative roller system. Continuity of operation 365 days a year and heating of electronic systems in winter is provided by a hydroelectric micro-generator powered by flowing water. For communication, the station can use the GSM network, LORA and Bluetooth (for service purposes).
- Cloud-based Intelligent Metering Station Management System - the platform for monitoring, management and data analysis is equipped with modules based on artificial intelligence algorithms. They identify anomalies and predict water parameter values 72 hours in advance.
- The Interactive National River Pollution Risk Map, a tool that supports the selection of the optimal measurement plan and enables the proper placement of measurement stations in the study area.
Polluted rivers are an environmental issue increasingly elevated to the global public debate. More countries are deploying or thinking of deploying IoT monitoring systems involving wireless, satellite, but also fiber-optic communications.
All of Europe is struggling with the problem of water pollution caused by industrial activities, wastewater discharges or excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides. Unfortunately, we all bear the costs caused by this, from the impact on our health to restrictions on recreational use of water. The Internet of Things is playing a key role in the development of new technologies and is one of many technologies that, along with artificial intelligence or “big data,” has entered almost every market, providing communication between people, processes and devices. According to data presented by stocklytics.com, 2024 for the global IoT market will be another year of double-digit growth, with revenues reaching $1.38 trillion. This figure is projected to grow by 60% and reach $2.2 trillion by 2028.
Two HDMI converter to IP transmitters in one network.
By default, there cannot be more than one HDMI transmitter H3614 (H3613, H3606) on one network. This is due to the fact that the manufacturer has uploaded the same network configuration on each transmitter. The user is not allowed to make any address changes to the HDMI devices. Therefore, if two transmitters are used, there is a conflict of IP addresses (resulting in incorrect network operation).It is possible to perform such an installation but it requires the use of a managed switch and the creation of dedicated VLANs. In the example below, the user, by changing parameters on the switch, can create four scenarios for video display.
Connecting two HDMI transmitters in one physical network requires the use of a managed switch and the creation of dedicated VLANs.
The whole configuration of such a network involves making a scenario-appropriate assignment of devices (specifically, the switch ports, to which the devices are connected) to the appropriate virtual networks (VLANs). For example, to perform the scenario in the graphics above, in which the image on receiver #1 comes from transmitter #1 and the image on receiver #2 comes from transmitter #2 and assuming that:
configure the switch with VLAN options as follows:
- H3614 SENDER #1 is connected to port 1 of the switch
- H3614 SENDER #2 is connected to port 2 of the switch
- H3614 RECIVER #1 is connected to port 11 of the switch
- H3614 RECIVER #2 is connected to port 12 of the switch
configure the switch with VLAN options as follows:
- Port 1 - VID 11, PVID 11
- Port 2 - VID 22, PVID 22
- Port 11 - VID 11, PVID 11
- Port 12 - VID 22, PVID 22
Hikvision video intercom system in the 2-Wire standard.
There is often a need to replace the existing intercom (video) system with a newer one, offering greater functionality and quality. Such an upgrade may require replacement of the cabling, e.g. with twisted pair cables for IP systems. The Hikvision video intercom operating in 2-Wire standard is of help. It has the same functionality as the 2nd generation Hikvision IP video intercom. Building a compact system involves connecting of monitors (e.g. G74019 DS-KH6320Y-WTE2) and the main door station module (G73646 DS-KD8003Y-IME2) to the G74824 DS-KAD706Y distributor via a 2-wire bus. The 2-Wire bus allows for both, powering the devices and establishing communication. After connecting the distributor to the LAN network, each device (monitor, door station) is visible in the network under a separate IP address. The iVMS-4200(v3) application is used for configuration. In , addition to the basic functionality , i.e. video calls, the system controls opening the wicket and controlling the entrance gate, also can also be controlled with the Hik-Connect application from a smartphone. It can redirect a call to the phone while the tenant is absent and remotely open the wicket or gate.The attenuation of the connection is not everything - the reflectance of the fiber optic connector.
Reflectometric measurement provides a range of information about the measured line. One of the measured parameters is the so-called reflectance of a given incident analyzed in the case of reflective elements: connectors and mechanical splices, among others. By definition, reflectance is the ratio of the power reflected by an object to the power incident on that object, expressed in decibels. Since the power of the reflected signal will always be less than the power of the incident signal, reflectance values will take on negative values.The concept of reflectance is often confused with the so-called return loss (RL). The definition of this parameter is virtually identical, taking into account the minus sign: RL = -10log (Podb/Pwe) describing the value of attenuation to which the reflected signal is subjected in a sense.
For example, according to IEC 61300-3-6, the best connectors (the so-called "Grade 1") should have a minimum reflective attenuation of 60 dB. The higher the value, the better. This corresponds to reflectance values of -60 dB and lower. The lower the value, the better. This means that the power of the reflected signal is a million times less than the power of the signal incident on the connector!
Reflectometer Ultimode OR-20-S3S5-iSMV OTDR L5830 measures reflectance, which should be < -60 dB for APC-type connections, and < -45 dB for PC-type connections. If worse values of this parameter are recorded, it is advisable to clean the connectors, and if this does not bring the desired results, replace the pigtails and the centering adapter.
Reflectance/reflection attenuation phenomenon also affects the end of a fiber optic line. If it is terminated with a connector, the reflectance of the end of the line may be slightly higher than the reflectance of a typical connection of the type (described above). However, if the measurement is made on a cut fiber, it will definitely be better if it is cut “just right” rather than perfectly with a guillotine. A perfectly even cut will result in a large reflection of light from the surface of the fiber face (a typical reflectance of -14 dB means that about 4% of the incident light is reflected), which can adversely affect the entire measurement.
Large signal reflections in the network can effectively disrupt its operation. Especially sensitive to such phenomena are systems operating in the 3rd transmission window (1550 nm), and passive optical networks that use high-power lasers. Therefore, it is worth keeping in mind that during a reflectometric measurement it is important to pay attention not only to the attenuation of the measured line.
Transmission of DVB-S2X/S2/S satellite signals in single-mode fiber.
For a fiber-optic bus, the size of the facility in which the system is implemented is irrelevant. The signal can be transmitted over hundreds of meters or even tens of kilometers without regeneration. For large buildings, this will greatly simplify the backbone of the system. A conventional system, based on copper wires, allows the signal to be transmitted in the trunk line for several tens of meters. This distance can be increased through the use of amplifiers, although this too has some limitations (as well as implementation and operating costs).TERRA equipment for RF/SAT systems in multi-family buildings using fiber optics and PON (Passive Optical Network) technology is an excellent alternative to typical systems based solely on coaxial cable. PON is a technique that uses only passive infrastructure (fiber optic cabling, optical splitters) at the transmitter-receiver section.
Example of a fiber optic system using LWO102 4F31 E A3033 optical converter with +4 dBm power to distribute DVB-S2X/S2/S satellite signals in single-mode fiber at 1310 nm wavelength. TERRA's wide range of optical receivers allows for TV systems based on conventional multiswitches, dSCR/Unicable, as well as hybrid systems.
The 2024 Photo Contest is underway!
Submit your photographs in the twenty-third edition of DIPOL's holiday photo contest “Engagingly about antennas”. We also encourage you to see gallery of works already submitted! The winners, traditionally, will be indicated by the well-known photographer from Krakow, Mr. Pawel Zechenter. We invite you to participate!
 | Single-mode patchcord PC-2272W-10 SC/APC – SC/APC, simplex, G.657.A2, 10, WHITE L3212272W_10 is a 10-meter long section of single-mode fiber optic cable terminated with SC/APC connectors. The patchcord is manufactured based on single-mode fiber in the G.657.A2 standard. This standard is characterized by a reduced bending radius. This makes the patchcord much less prone to damage and increased attenuation due to excessive bending. This is especially important when connecting fiber optic cables in small boxes, boxes or cabinets (e.g., the common case of crushing patchcords connected to fiber optic front panels with doors). | |
![M2 screws for fiber optic adapters with flange [200 pcs.]](https://static.dipol.com.pl/images/en/pict/l4022_.gif) | M2 screws for fiber optic adapters with flange [200 pcs] L4022 allow you to securely and neatly fix adapters in front panels of switchers. They fit ULTIMODE adapters and switchers. | |
 | Cable stock cabinet, 50 × 50 × 12 cm, T-SPARE-50 E88819 is designed for collecting and organizing fiber optic cable stock of different diameters. It is used in cable rooms, telecom rooms, manholes or on telecom poles. The cabinet is lockable with a key (2 pcs. included). The design of the cabinet provides for the storage of up to 85 meters of cable stock with a diameter of 10 mm. | |
Worth reading
WiFi network in buildings. When building a wireless network, you need to answer the question of whether it is to be a network open to the public, such as in a library or office, or a network closed to employees. This relates directly to determining the expected number of clients of the network. If the network is to operate in an office building with a large number of walls, several floors, then the main problem is the impact of wall and ceiling attenuation on the radio signal level. For this reason, in order to cover the entire building it is necessary to deploy in it several dozen (and sometimes even dozens) access points.>>>more
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