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No. 38/2023 (November 20, 2023)
Small-scale wind turbine.
The equipment available on the renewable energy market is undergoing continuous upgrade, which is mainly focused on increasing the efficiency of photovoltaic panels and developing lighter and more capacious batteries. Changes in wind power generation are less dynamic. Traditional wind turbines take the form of a pole with three large blades placed on top. Impressive height, usually in the range of 80 to 250 meters, is designed to maximize access to stable and strong winds, resulting in more efficient energy production. The greater height, however, comes with technical and logistics challenges for the construction and installation. A US-based startup called Airloom is taking a revolutionary approach to wind turbine construction. It uses 25-meter-high poles, forming a track on which 10-meter-high blades are attached that move vertically along the track. This innovative approach allows for efficient energy generation, keeping the number of components to a minimum. The simple design results in reduced production costs, which could be revolutionary for the economy of wind energy projects.
The units can be installed in agricultural fields, allowing simultaneous cultivation of crops. Moreover, due to their compact design, they can be placed along roads next to power lines, minimizing the need for extensive infrastructure. The low structural profile potentially reduces negative impacts on birds and bats, and increases the structure's acceptance when it comes to landscape issues. An additional advantage of the Airloom technology is the ease of system installation and transportation. A 2.5 MW turbine fits into a standard trailer, for easy delivery and installation. This results in a much lower installation cost than for traditional wind turbines.
How to connect IP camera with PoE to a coaxial cabling?
Many buildings have an infrastructure based on coaxial cable, which is the primary transmission medium for analog CVBS signals and newer analogHD systems such as: HD-CVI, HD-TVI or AHD. However, if the investor requires PoE IP cameras, and the replacement of the cabling is impossible or uneconomical, one can use signal converters. An interesting solution is the active ATTE Power XCOAX3 J2840 signal converter. It enables transmission of network signals (e.g. audio-video streams from IP cameras) and power supply in different standards: 802.3af or PoE PASSIVE.Application of J2840 converters enabling Ethernet + PoE transmission via coaxial cable.
The xCOAX3-SW module is powered from any PoE switch (RJ45 port). Power supply to the xCOAX3-CAM module and bidirectional data transmission is via coaxial cable. The maximum length of the coaxial cable is 500 m. A camera or other PoE receiver can be connected to the RJ45 port of the xCOAX-CAM module at the end of the line.
Visual fault locator (VFL) – a basic way to check a fiber optic cable.
In case of failure of a fiber optic-based system, one may have to deal with a fault in the active equipment or damage to the transmission medium. In the latter case, the problem may be a cable that is excessively bent and, consequently, a broken fiber, or in the case of a malfunction in the switch/coupler/cabinet – an excessively bent or broken fiber or, for example, a broken splice.The simplest and also fastest method to verify the cause of the fault is to use a visual fault locator (VFL). It is a source of visible light, which, when connected to one side of the optical path, should glow on its other side. Most often LEDs operating at a wavelength of 650 nm (red) are used as the source, less often green LEDs (around 530 nm) are used.
In the case of fiber breakage along the cable route, an observer on the other side will not see the light. In the case of a bend causing significant signal attenuation, the luminescence should be noticeably weaker than in the case of an undamaged line. If this is the case, due to the large room for the watcher's subjective judgment, it is necessary to use an additional transmission measurement (light source and power meter). In the case of damage to the fiber or splice in the switch, things are much easier: excessive bending (or breakage) will cause a large leakage of light. The fiber alignment or splicing should then be corrected or spliced again, and the operation of the system should be verified.
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Keep in mind that a higher power output makes it possible to verify longer cable sections. On the other hand, high light power causes light to leak in places that are not necessarily related to the fault. This is due to the fact that VFL-type devices introduce light not only into the fiber's core, but also into its sheath, so that even a small kink in the fiber can cause light leakage. Leakage from fiber damage can be recognized by its increased intensity. The higher the laser power, the more "false" leakages are found.
SMATV system in a multi-family building.
TERRA products, dedicated to use SMATV systems, are primarily top-class equipment covered by a four-year warranty. TV systems based on those components guarantee proper signal reception for long. The distinguishing features of the TERRA multiswitch system include primarily:- great scalability – solutions for any number of outlets
- die cast housings ensuring high screening efficiency and resistance to interferences
- high isolation between inputs and between outputs – multiswitches of lower categories with insufficient isolation are the most common source of problems in SMATV systems
- switches instead of potentiometers ensure very precise adjustment of gain/signal level and cable attenuation compensation – this ensures long-term stability of these parameters regardless of temperature changes at the installation site
- cable attenuation compensation and groups of outputs with different signal levels allow for equalization of signal levels throughout the whole system regardless of signal level in subscriber outlets
- multi-path splitters in one compact enclosure save space in installation boxes and require less wiring compared to competitive solutions
- supplying of multiswitches from satellite receivers of the users for increased multiswitch life and lower energy consumption
- free software SatNet for system design
- free design examples in pdf/dwg formats for AutoCad designers
The TV system uses the SA-91L R70901 amplifier for 9-input multiswitches of the MV-9xx series. The amplifier is equipped with eight satellite inputs and one DVB-T2/Radio input (left out in this case due to the use of CAD-824 Alcad R82620 channel amplifier in the system). The main functions of the SA-91L R70901 amplifier include amplification and equalization of IF signals for 8 polarization-band pairs, as well as powering other elements of the system, such as LNBs or multiswitches. The use of a die cast housing helps eliminate external interference (Class A shielding level).
An obvious advantage of the MV-9xx multiswitches are different signal levels at the outputs. This guarantees a similar signal level in subscriber outlets located at different distances from the device. In addition to that, the correction of the coaxial cable attenuation is provided. Signals with higher frequencies have higher levels, so the cable attenuation is properly compensated. Switches in multiswitches instead of potentiometers allow for very precise adjustment of the signal level and correction of cable attenuation. This solution also ensures long-term stability of the set parameters, regardless of temperature changes at the place of installation. The use of MASTER crimped connectors makes the entire system more professional.
Enabling rules in Hikvision IP cameras.
When configuring basic events (e.g. motion detection) or intelligent events (e.g. virtual line, intrusion area) it is helpful to enable rules in the camera. This way, moving objects and set rules are visible in the image, which makes the whole configuration easier. For example, the drawn virtual line is marked in blue, and the moving objects in green. When an object meets the criterion of crossing the line, both the virtual line and the object marking turns red. To enable rules display, after logging in to a camera, go to the Configuration -> Local tab.
View of the Rules Enable Window
View of window with marked rules
Basics of IP addressing – part 2.
In the previous Weekly Review issue the IP address was discussed. Another important parameter is the mask. The subnet mask (for IPv4), as the IP address version 4, is a 32-bit number (for IPv6 it has 128 bits). The mask is used to distinguish the subnet part of the IP address, as well as the part that is the host address of that subnet. The subnet mask has a very specific structure. It begins with a sequence of ones and then turns into a string of zeros – the part with ones is the network part of the mask, while the string of zeros is the so-called host part.
For the IPv4, it is most commonly written in a form of four 8-bit numbers in decimal format and separated by periods (for example 255.255.255.0). The mask value has to be known to all routers and computers in a given subnet. As a result of comparing the address mask (e.g. 255.255.255.0) with a specific IP address (e.g. 192.168.1.122), the router is notified which part of the address identifies the subnet (in this case 192.168.1.), and which refers to the device with that IP address assigned (address ending: .122).
The table below compiles information on the subnet mask size (the number of bits in the network-related part of the address), and the corresponding number of available IP addresses within a given subnet. Note! The number of hosts is lower by 2 than that of the IP addresses allocated to a given subnet (2 addresses are occupied by the so-called network address and the broadcast address for a given network).
| Subnet mask | Short designation | Number of IPs |
| 255.0.0.0 | /8 | 16777216 |
| 255.128.0.0 | /9 | 8388608 |
| 255.192.0.0 | /10 | 4194304 |
| 255.224.0.0 | /11 | 2097152 |
| 255.240.0.0 | /12 | 1048576 |
| 255.248.0.0 | /13 | 524288 |
| 255.252.0.0 | /14 | 262144 |
| 255.254.0.0 | /15 | 131072 |
| 255.255.0.0 | /16 | 65536 |
| 255.255.128.0 | /17 | 32768 |
| 255.255.192.0 | /18 | 16384 |
| 255.255.224.0 | /19 | 8192 |
| 255.255.240.0 | /20 | 4096 |
| 255.255.248.0 | /21 | 2048 |
| 255.255.252.0 | /22 | 1024 |
| 255.255.254.0 | /23 | 512 |
| 255.255.255.0 | /24 | 256 |
| 255.255.255.128 | /25 | 128 |
| 255.255.255.192 | /26 | 64 |
| 255.255.255.224 | /27 | 32 |
| 255.255.255.240 | /28 | 16 |
| 255.255.255.248 | /29 | 8 |
| 255.255.255.252 | /30 | 4 |
| 255.255.255.254 | /31 | 2 |
| 255.255.255.255 | /32 | 1 |
 | Dome IP camera Hikvision DS-2CD2346G2-IU(C) K01338B is part of the second generation of cameras based on the AcuSense technology, notable for even more effective filtering out of false alarms. The device is dedicated for use in CCTV systems based on IP DVRs/NVRs. The camera is fitted with an 4 Mpix 1/3" CMOS sensor and an IR illuminator with a range up to 30 m to ensure proper visibility in low-light conditions. It has a fixed 2.8 mm lens with a viewing angle of 103°. Built-in microphone enables sound recording. | |
 | YPW5DK exit pushbutton (flush-mounted, aluminum, square, NO/NC/COM) Yotogi G77209 is an exit button used in video intercom and access control systems. It has NO/NC/COM contacts with a capacity of up to 3 A, used for control. Durability has been tested for more than 500 thousand clicks. The pushbutton is made of aluminum. | |
 | YPW1 exit pushbutton (surface-mounted, metallic, NO/COM) Yotogi G77205 is an exit button used in video intercom and access control systems. It has NO/COM contacts with a capacity of up to 3 A, used for control. Durability has been tested for more than 500 thousand clicks. The button is made of zinc alloy. The graphics printed inform the user about the purpose of the pushbutton in the existing system. The pushbutton is dedicated for surface mounting. | |
Worth reading
Corridor mode in Sunell IP cameras. All Sunnel IP cameras have a corridor mode function, which is particularly useful for observing scenes characterized by high height relative to width. It allows to watch a high scene with one camera mounted at a short distance from the area of interest. For example, if the camera image is displayed in the 16:9 aspect ratio, it will be displayed in 9:16 when the corridor mode is enabled. To use this functionality, when installing the camera, rotate it 90° from its normal position...>>>more
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